Our aim was to investigate the cognitive neural basis, the behavioral characteristics, and the cognitive process of decision making with a group of 30 healthy Chinese adults. Two conditions with tasks drawn from prospect theory allowed us to examine how different risky decisions and related behaviors activate specific brain regions. Participants completed 2 decision tasks in which the amount of possible monetary gain and loss differed. Event-related potentials recorded for analysis during these tasks involved the N2 and P3 components. Participants' behaviors showed risk aversion in the monetary gain condition and risk seeking in the loss condition. Reaction time for risk-seeking decisions in a loss condition was significantly slower than for the same decision in a gain condition. The reactions to uncertainty shared a general neural network, but reactions were activated with different intensities in certain brain regions.
Yan Zhang,1,* Yuan Dong,1,* Zhenyu Xiong,1,* Zhengru Zhu,2 Fanya Gao,3 Tingting Wang,1 Wanrong Man,1 Dong Sun,1 Jie Lin,1 Tongbin Li,1 Congye Li,1 Zhijing Zhao,1 Min Shen,1 Dongdong Sun,1 Yanhong Fan1 1Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Dongdong Sun; Yanhong FanDepartment of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of ChinaTel +86 18691569930; +86 18829395402Email wintersun3@gmail.com; 18829395402@189.cnBackground: Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is an important source of myofibroblasts that directly affects cardiac function in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) via an unknown underlying mechanism. Sirt6 is a member of the Sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that plays an important role in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. In this study, we investigated whether Sirt6 participates in EndMT during the development of T2DM and the possible underlying regulatory mechanisms.Methods: Endothelium-specific Sirt6 knockout (Sirt6-KOEC) mice (C57BL/6 genetic background) were generated using the classic Cre/loxp gene recombination system. T2DM was induced in eight-week-old male mice by feeding with a high-fat diet for three weeks followed by i.p. injection with 30 mg/kg of streptozotocin. The weight, lipids profiles, insulin, food intake and water intake of experimental animals were measured on a weekly basis. Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were obtained from adult male mice; the isolated cells were cultured with high glucose (HG; 33 mmol/L) and palmitic acid (PA; 500 μmol/L) in DMEM for 24 h, or with normal glucose (NG; 5 mmol/L) as the control.Results: Sirt6 expression is significantly downregulated in CMECs treated with HG+PA. Additionally, Sirt6-KOEC was found to worsen DCM, as indicated by aggravated perivascular fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and decreased cardiac function. In vitro, Sirt6 knockdown exacerbated the proliferation, and migration of CMECs exposed to HG+PA. Mechanistically, Sirt6 knockdown significantly enhanced Notch1 activation in CMECs treated with HG+PA, whereas Notch1 adenoviral interference significantly blunted the effects of Sirt6 knockdown on CMECs.Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate that Sirt6 participates in EndMT via the Notch1 signaling pathway in CMECs stimulated with HG+PA. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that Sirt6 could provide a potential treatment strategy for DCM.Keywords: diabetic cardiomyopathy, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cardiac function, fibrosis, Sirt6
